benzocaine
Sources réglementaires consultées
Indications approuvées
- Soulagement temporaire du prurit par une association benzocaïne-résorcinol.
Mises en garde cliniques
- Usage externe uniquement ; éviter les yeux et ne pas appliquer sur de grandes surfaces. Arrêter et consulter en cas d’aggravation, de persistance au-delà de 7 jours ou de récidive en quelques jours. — openFDA Thera Plus Maximum Strength Feminine Anti-Itch set ID 0007e3ea-882b-4000-8e70-2bcec2c08613
Grossesse et allaitement
Aucune recommandation spécifique n’est établie pour la grossesse ou l’allaitement.
Bibliographie récente (PubMed)
Allergic diseases are among the most common diseases worldwide. For appropriate management knowledge of the allergy trigger is crucial. The clinical picture of allergic diseases is diverse and correct diagnosis is often a challenge. The allergist needs to distinguish intolerances from allergies and infectious diseases from non-infectious triggers. Test results have to be interpreted accordingly to differentiate sensitizations from allergies. In this review current state of the art diagnostic measures to diagnose type I and type IV allergies are described and discussed.Immediate type allergies such as allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma and anaphylaxis are mediated by allergen-specific IgE antibodies detectable both in serum and tissue. Typical triggers are pollen, mites, animal epithelia, food, insect toxins and pharmaceuticals. In everyday practice, diagnostics are based on three complementary pillars: the allergy-specific anamnesis as a prerequisite of correct interpretation of subsequent diagnostic tests like skin testing and serological immunoglobulin detection. These can be supplemented as required and available by provocation tests to prove clinical reactivity and cellular assays to demonstrate the cellular immune response.Type IV allergic reactions are mediated by T cells causing contact allergy with a local eczematous reaction with a latency of several hours to days. Some 3,500 triggers, often from occupational environment, are known; e. g., nickel, chromium, cobalt, fragrances, rubber, plastics, preservatives, dyes, neomycin, benzocaine, sulfonamides, quinidine, wool wax, perubalsam, eye therapeutics, light filter substances, disinfectants, pesticides, technical oils or plants. Diagnosis of contact allergy combines the history of cutaneous exposure with associated symptoms and patch testing, with detection of a late phase clinical reaction after 6 to 48, up to a maximum of 96 hours after antigen contact.
Decapod crustaceans (crabs, hermit crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps, prawns) are sentient beings, not only responding to noxious stimuli but also being capable of feeling pain, discomfort, and distress. General anaesthesia aims at producing analgesia, immobilization, and unconsciousness, while sedation reduces consciousness, stress, and anxiety, though without analgesia. Anaesthesia is recommended to ensure animal welfare and suppress nociception, pain, and suffering in painful and distressing practice that impairs decapods' welfare. These include long term restrain, surgical procedures, pain control, examination, diagnostic, sampling, treatment, transportation, and euthanasia. The necessary anaesthetic depth, from sedation to surgical anaesthesia, depends on the procedure type. Anaesthetic bath and injection are commonly used, besides inhalation, local anaesthesia, and intracardiac injection. Agents used for the anaesthetic bath include eugenol, isoeugenol, lidocaine, halothane, and essential oils of lemon balm, lemongrass, lemon verbena, and sandalwood. While alphaxalone, eugenol, ketamine-xylazine, lidocaine, morphine, procaine, tiletamine-zolazepam, and xylazine can be used as injectable agents administered on the arthrodial membrane or intramuscular injection. Halothane can be used on inhalation anaesthesia. Local anaesthetics include lidocaine and benzocaine. Notwithstanding, many others are detrimental or ineffective to decapods, thus discouraged. They include but not limited to hypothermia, carbon dioxide, chlorpromazine, chloroform, ethanol, ether, magnesium salts, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), mint and lavender essential oils, passionflower extract, and valerian. Decapods' welfare, protection, and veterinary attention should not be neglected, but they must receive ethical treatment, including the best of our knowledge and available tools to ensure they are free of pain and discomfort whenever we deal with them.
Local anesthetics provide analgesia and can be incorporated into multimodal anesthetic protocols. They work by blocking the voltage-dependent sodium ion channels along neurons that mediate nociception. Systemically, these drugs can be cardiotoxic in a dose-dependent manner. Lidocaine and bupivacaine are the most commonly used local anesthetics and their use has been reported in all classes of vertebrates. Despite anecdotal reports to the contrary, zoologic companion animals are unlikely to be more susceptible to the cardiotoxic effects of local anesthetics than domestic small animals. Local anesthetics can be clinically useful for analgesia and anesthesia in zoologic companion animal practice.