ribavirin
Fuentes regulatorias consultadas
Indicaciones aprobadas
- Tratamiento de hepatitis C crónica únicamente en combinación con el antiviral o interferón autorizado para el perfil del paciente; no usar en monoterapia.
Contraindicaciones
Absolutas
- Embarazo, posibilidad de embarazo sin anticoncepción eficaz o pareja embarazada de un paciente varón.
- Aclaramiento de creatinina <50 ml/min o necesidad de hemodiálisis.
- Lactancia.
- Cardiopatía grave preexistente, incluida enfermedad inestable o no controlada durante los 6 meses previos.
- Insuficiencia hepática Child-Pugh B o C, cirrosis descompensada, hepatitis autoinmune o antecedente de enfermedad autoinmune en el régimen con interferón.
- Hemoglobinopatías, incluidas talasemia y anemia falciforme.
Advertencias clínicas
- Es teratógena y embriocida; exige pruebas de embarazo y anticoncepción eficaz para pacientes y parejas durante el tratamiento y el periodo posterior especificado. — CIMA/AEMPS, ficha técnica 73658
- Puede causar anemia hemolítica grave y empeorar cardiopatía; controla hemograma antes y durante el tratamiento. — CIMA/AEMPS, ficha técnica 73658
Interacciones medicamentosas
- ModeradaDidanosina
Mecanismo: Aumenta el metabolito activo de didanosina y puede causar toxicidad mitocondrial potencialmente fatal, acidosis láctica, pancreatitis e insuficiencia hepática.
Recomendación: No combines.
CIMA/AEMPS, ficha técnica 73658
- SeveraAzatioprina
Mecanismo: Puede potenciar mielotoxicidad y pancitopenia.
Recomendación: Evita la combinación o controla hemograma estrechamente.
CIMA/AEMPS, ficha técnica 73658
- SeveraZidovudina
Mecanismo: La asociación puede aumentar la anemia y reducir la eficacia de zidovudina.
Recomendación: No se recomienda; considera sustituir zidovudina si empeora la anemia.
CIMA/AEMPS, ficha técnica 73658
Eventos adversos
Comunes (≥1%)
Anemia, neutropenia, fatiga, cefalea, náuseas, insomnio y exantema
Raros pero graves
Anemia hemolítica, pancitopenia, anemia aplásica, reacción cutánea grave y acidosis láctica
Embarazo y lactancia
Está contraindicada durante el embarazo. Realiza prueba antes de iniciar y mensual: mujeres tratadas y parejas femeninas usan anticoncepción durante el tratamiento y 9 meses después; hombres tratados y parejas usan anticoncepción durante el tratamiento y 6 meses después, con preservativo si la pareja está embarazada. Interrumpe la lactancia.
Bibliografía reciente (PubMed)
Hantaviruses are a significant and emerging global public health threat, impacting more than 200,000 individuals worldwide each year. The single-stranded RNA viruses belong to the Hantaviridae family and are responsible for causing two acute febrile diseases in humans: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Currently, there are no licensed treatments or vaccines available globally for HTNV infection. Various candidate drugs have shown efficacy in increasing survival rates during the early stages of HTNV infection. Some of these drugs include lactoferrin, ribavirin, ETAR, favipiravir and vandetanib. Immunotherapy utilizing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) generated from Hantavirus convalescent patients show efficacy against HTNV. Monoclonal antibodies such as MIB22 and JL16 have demonstrated effectiveness in protecting against HTNV infection. The development of vaccines and antivirals, used independently and/or in combination, is critical for elucidating hantaviral infections and the impact on public health. RNA interference (RNAi) arised as an emerging antiviral therapy, is a highly specific degrades RNA, with post-transcriptional mechanism using eukaryotic cells platform. That has demonstrated efficacy against a wide range of viruses, both in vitro and in vivo. Recent antiviral methods involve using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and other, immune-based therapies to target specific gene segments (S, M, or L) of the Hantavirus. This therapeutic approach enhances viral RNA clearance through the RNA interference process in Vero E6 cells or human lung microvascular endothelial cells. However, the use of siRNAs faces challenges due to their low biological stability and limited in vivo targeting ability. Despite their successful inhibition of Hantavirus replication in host cells, their antiviral efficacy may be hindered. In the current review, we focus on advances in therapeutic strategies, as antiviral medications, immune-base
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a common viral disease in childhood. Because the disease has the potential to reach epidemic levels and mortality is high in some countries, early recognition of this disease is of paramount importance. This purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations and management of hand, foot, and mouth disease. A search was conducted in February 2022 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term "hand, foot, and mouth disease". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in English were included in this review. Hand, foot, and mouth disease is characterized by a painful oral enanthem and asymptomatic exanthem on the palms and soles. Children younger than 5 years are most commonly affected. Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus A71 is more severe and has a higher rate of complications than that attributed to other viruses such as coxsackievirus A16. Circulatory failure secondary to myocardial impairment and neurogenic pulmonary edema secondary to brainstem damage are the main causes of death. Fortunately, the disease is usually benign and resolves in 7 to10 days without sequelae. Given the self-limited nature of most cases, treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive. Intravenous immunoglobulin should be considered for the treatment of severe/complicated hand, foot, and mouth disease and has been recommended by several national and international guideline committees. Currently, there are no specific antiviral agents approved for the treatment of the disease. Drugs such as ribavirin, suramin, mulberroside C, aminothiazole analogs, and sertraline have emerged as potential candidates for the treatment of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Vaccination of susceptible individuals in high-risk areas and good personal hygiene are important preventative measures to combat the disease. Familiarity of t
With an increasing global incidence in children younger than the age of five, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common viral respiratory infections worldwide. Despite the increasing number of cases among infants and young children, RSV can infect any age group; however, some individuals are more high risk than others. Premature infants, young children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are the most likely to suffer a more severe presentation of RSV in comparison to healthy adults. RSV is transmitted through respiratory droplets via direct contact with an infected individual or with contaminated surfaces. The viral genome of RSV consists of 11 proteins. Out of these 11, two proteins allow for the attachment of the virus to the respiratory epithelial cells and fusion with host cells. Upon fusion, the viral material transfers to the host cell, where viral replication occurs. It is important to acknowledge that an individual is considered infectious and can transmit the virus even before the symptomatic presentation of RSV begins. As long as the individual is shedding the virus, he or she is considered infectious. The length of viral shedding also differs depending on the severity of the infection, who is infected, and the underlying immune status of an individual. Currently, there is no definitive treatment for RSV; however, supportive therapy is considered the mainstay treatment. Some pharmaceutical treatments such as ribavirin have been FDA-approved; however, the administration is typically limited to children and infants. Palivizumab is also administered as an immune prophylaxis; however, both therapies are constantly at the end of a cost-effective debate due to their extensively expensive nature and questionable adverse effect profiles. Supportive therapy includes hydration, supplemental oxygen, and mechanical ventilation in hospitalized cases; however, most RSV cases can be treated as outpatient cases. Prevention techniques such as hand