Sodium monofluorophosphate

Translational microbiome research using next-generation DNA sequencing is challenging due to the semi-qualitative nature of relative abundance data. A novel method for quantitative analysis was applied in this 12-week clinical trial to understand the mechanical vs. chemotherapeutic actions of brushing, flossing, and mouthrinsing against the supragingival dental plaque microbiome. Enumeration of viable bacteria using vPCR was also applied on supragingival plaque for validation and on subgingival plaque to evaluate interventional effects below the gingival margin. Subjects with gingivitis were enrolled in a single center, examiner-blind, virtually supervised, parallel group controlled clinical trial. Subjects with gingivitis were randomized into brushing only (B); brushing and flossing (BF); brushing and rinsing with Listerine® Cool Mint® Antiseptic (BA); brushing and rinsing with Listerine® Cool Mint® Zero (BZ); or brushing, flossing, and rinsing with Listerine® Cool Mint® Zero (BFZ). All subjects brushed twice daily for 1 min with a sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste and a soft-bristled toothbrush. Subjects who flossed used unflavored waxed dental floss once daily. Subjects assigned to mouthrinses rinsed twice daily. Plaque specimens were collected at the baseline visit and after 4 and 12 weeks of intervention. Bacterial cell number quantification was achieved by adding reference amounts of DNA controls to plaque samples prior to DNA extraction, followed by shallow shotgun metagenome sequencing. 286 subjects completed the trial. The metagenomic data for supragingival plaque showed significant reductions in Shannon-Weaver diversity, species richness, and total and categorical bacterial abundances (commensal, gingivitis, and malodor) after 4 and 12 weeks for the BA, BZ, and BFZ groups compared to the B group, while no significant differences were observed between the B and BF groups. Supragingival plaque vPCR further validated these results, and subgingival plaque

Results from systematic reviews and meta-analyses show generally consistent antigingivitis effects between 3- and 6-mo observation time points with twice-daily use of stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrice. However, the relationship between 1-, 3-, and 6-mo gingivitis responses has not been investigated. This pooled analysis was conducted to understand the relationship of 1-, 3-, and 6-mo gingival bleeding outcomes. Number of bleeding sites, derived from Löe-Silness Gingival Index (LSGI) or Gingival Bleeding Index, was identified as the primary end point of the analysis for the biological and clinical relevance. Randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical studies meeting the following predefined selection criteria were identified: 1) published and unpublished gingivitis clinical trials conducted from 1995 to 2022 comparing efficacy of 0.454% SnF2 dentifrices to negative controls (sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice) and 2) studies with a 3-mo assessment and at least a 1- or 6-mo assessment. The search resulted in ten 6-mo and fourteen 3-mo studies meeting selection criteria. A mixed-effects model was performed on the pooled data to assess gingival bleeding outcomes across time. The bleeding efficacy significantly increased between months 1 and 3 (P < 0.0001) and plateaued between months 3 and 6 (P = 0.007), supporting the fact that bleeding reduction relative to control established by 1 mo will increase and be maintained through 3 and 6 mo (R2 = 0.857). In addition, gingival bleeding and gingivitis efficacy, as measured by LSGI, were found to be highly correlated (R2 = 0.874). A clear relationship has been demonstrated between 1-, 3-, and 6-mo gingival bleeding outcomes in gingivitis clinical studies comparing SnF2 dentifrice to negative control dentifrice. These findings have important implications to the dental practice and scientific research as antigingivitis efficacy evaluations can be observed as early as 1 mo and are consistent with thos

Antibacterial ingredients for oral care products are typically measured through single product forms. This study assessed the overall health outcome of using multiple forms: a stabilized stannous fluoride toothpaste, an enhanced cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash and a unique toothbrush to deliver antibacterial performance. A 12-week, single-center, phase III, masked, 2-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the reduction of established dental plaque and gingivitis with a novel antibacterial oral regimen comprised of 0.454% stannous fluoride toothpaste stabilized with nitrate and phosphates, 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride and 0.28% zinc lactate mouthwash, and rapid foaming manual toothbrush compared to a nonantibacterial commercially available regimen of toothpaste containing 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate, no mouthwash, and commercially available manual toothbrush to represent standard toothbrushing practices. Adherence to this novel oral care regimen provided significant reduction in plaque and gingivitis compared to the control starting at 1 week (P < .01) and continuing over 12 weeks (P < .001) across all plaque and gingival score indices. At week 1, participants in the Antibacterial Regimen Group showed 15 times more plaque reduction than control (P < .001). After 3 weeks of regimen adherence, 100% of Antibacterial Regimen participants had improved gingival index scores compared to baseline. Within the limitations of the study, the results showed statistically significantly reduced gingival inflammation and improved plaque control from 1 week continuing through 12 weeks of adherence to this novel oral care regimen compared to standard toothbrushing practices.

The aim of this systematic review was to verify if the presence of different antimicrobial agents in dentifrices is effective in reducing the number of microorganisms for disease prevention. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF). A search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Two independent authors reviewed the titles and abstracts according to the inclusion criteria, which comprised in vitro studies published in English that evaluated the efficacy of antimicrobial agents in dentifrices and their antimicrobial activity. A total of 527 articles were found. Of these, 334 were included for reading of the title and abstract, and 69 were selected for reading in full. In the end, 39 articles remained in this review. Triclosan, sodium fluoride, and sodium monofluorophosphate were the most commonly used chemical antimicrobial agents. Among the herbal agents, miswak extract and neem extract were the most commonly used. The presence of antimicrobial agents in dentifrice formulations can promote the reduction of the number of microorganisms involved in oral diseases, but with variations in their effectiveness, depending on the agent used and the microorganism evaluated.

To assess the impact of formulation chemistry on gingivitis effects of two experimental 0.454% stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrices with low tin bioavailability versus positive and negative controls. Adults with gingivitis were enrolled in this double-blind, parallel group, randomized clinical trial. Gingivitis was assessed with the Löe-Silness Gingivitis Index (LSGI) at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. The four treatments were: experimental dentifrice A (0.454% SnF2, pH 4.7, soluble tin = 592 ppm), experimental dentifrice B (0.454% SnF2, pH 5.8, soluble tin = 102 ppm), positive control (0.454% SnF2 commercial dentifrice, soluble tin = 2,037 ppm), and negative control (0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate, soluble tin = 0 ppm). Participants brushed for 1 minute twice daily with their assigned dentifrice and a standard manual toothbrush. The primary clinical endpoint was number of gingival bleeding sites. In vitro analyses characterized tin uptake into biofilm and bacterial glycolysis. Of 120 participants randomized to treatment, 115 completed the study. Baseline mean number of bleeding sites (SD) was 35.11 (17.479). At 1 and 3 months, respectively, the mean was 19.52 and 16.64 for the positive control, 26.91 and 21.71 for Experimental dentifrice A, 31.01 and 27.59 for Experimental dentifrice B, and 33.20 and 29.59 for the negative control. At 1 and 3 months, the positive control showed significantly fewer bleeding sites versus all treatments (P≤ 0.04) and Experimental dentifrice A had significantly less bleeding versus the negative control (P≤ 0.041). Experimental dentifrice B was not significantly different from the negative control (P≥ 0.438) at either timepoint. Tin biofilm uptake and in vitro PGRM exhibited a similar trend. SnF2 dentifrice formulation chemistry influences the level of antigingivitis efficacy, which was also reflected in tin bioavailability, tin uptake into biofilm, and bacterial glycolysis inhibition.